「碳索」實驗室:主要研究簡介如下
- 瞭解極端氣候事件(如沙塵暴與颱風)對貧營養鹽海域及大陸邊緣海之有機碳通量的影響。
- 碳水化合物和黑碳(有機化合物的重要成分)在海洋有機碳、放射性核種和持久性有機汙染物(例如PCBs、PAHs和殺蟲劑)生地化循環之重要性。
- 海洋渦流之生地化反應
- 海水酸化對低緯度海草生長的衝擊及影響
- 智慧養殖
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顆粒性有機碳(POC;Particulate Organic Carbon)輸出通量在開放海洋(open ocean) 通常是很低的(平均為<30 mg m-2 d-1)。然而,一些自然事件(包括沙塵暴,火山爆發或颱風)可能會導致海洋表層水和大氣之間的重大物質交換。然而這些自然發生的極端氣候事件是否能從大氣中將二氧化碳傳送到海洋內部?過去的資料並不多(零星的研究多集中於南、北大洋的高營養鹽低葉綠素之海域),因為在惡劣的海象下進行採樣工作是相當困難及危險。為了解海洋生物在沙塵暴之下的反應,我們在2007年春天亞洲沙塵暴期間,冒著惡劣的海象在西北太平洋的氮限制海域測量顆粒性有機碳之輸出通量,其輸出通量從49到98 mg m-2 d-1,大约是其他季節(非沙塵暴其間)平均值的2-3倍。同一時間的氮來源(主要來自大氣的乾和濕沉降)並不足以貢獻這些增加的有機碳儲量,顆粒性有機碳之輸出通量的增加主要是由於伴隨沙塵暴事件的強烈東北季風,造成次表層水的營養鹽被載送到有光層,導致微細藻的快速增長而引起較高的顆粒性有機碳之輸出通量。這項研究解開長久以來的一個重要科學議題,就是北半球在每年春秋盛行的強烈東北季風與沙塵暴的共伴效應,會提升有光層有機顆粒往深海傳送的能力,能將大氣中二氧化碳轉換為有機碳,再傳送到海洋內部,這項研究的內容與細節已在海洋化學出版了(Hung et al., 2009,Marine Chemistry)。此研究成果也廣被國內電視與報紙的報導(如99 年4月12日聯合報以特刊全版刊登沙塵暴對海洋之影響,更獲得國際海洋與大氣研究組織(SOLAS)的重視,對提升台灣的國際知名度有重大貢獻。
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The output flux of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) in miner level at the open ocean indicate as average of less than 30 mg m-2 d-1. However sandstorms, volcanic eruptions, and typhoons are some natural events may cause for major material exchanges in-between ocean surface water and the atmosphere. The effect of naturally occurring extreme climate events to transport atmospheric carbon dioxide into the ocean is widely unknown. It is rear to find much POC data in past at natural harsh events (the sporadic researches are mostly concentrated in the high nutrient and low chlorophyll waters of the southern and northern oceans), because sampling under harsh condition is quite difficult and dangerous. In order to understand the response of marine organisms under sand and dust storms, we measured the output flux of particulate organic carbon in nitrogen-limited water at the Northwest Pacific ocean during Asian sand and dust storms in spring 2007. The output flux ranged from 49 to 98 mg m-2 d-1 is about 2-3 times higher than the average of other seasons (non-sandstorms). Nitrogen sources at the same time (mainly from dry and wet deposition of the atmosphere) are insufficient for contribute to these increased organic carbon reserves. The increase output flux of particulate organic carbon is mainly coming from strong northeast monsoon accompanied by sandstorm events, causing for transfer nutrient rich subsurface water to the euphotic layer, which leading to rapid growth of microalgae and causes a higher output flux of particulate organic carbon. This finding has solved a long turn unsolved an important scientific issue. The co-effect of the strong northeast monsoon and sandstorms prevailing in the Northern Hemisphere in spring and autumn every year will enhance the ability of transport euphotic-layered organic particles to the deep sea, which can convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into Organic carbon in to the ocean. The content and details of this research finding have been published in Ocean Chemistry (Figure 1, Hung et al., 2009, Marine Chemistry). The finding also have been widely reported by domestic television and newspapers such as the April 12, 1999 joint newspaper published a full-page special issue of the impact of sand and dust storms on the ocean, and it has also received the attention of the International Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Organization (SOLAS). It revealed the significant contribution made by Taiwans’ to the sciences in internationally .
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過去的衛星研究資料顯示,颱風通過的海域會經常誘發植浮藻華現象,但是現場的觀測資料非常之少,科學家至今還是不明瞭颱風效應對生地化循環的角色,而颱風對有光層中之生物性碳通量的影響也不清楚。在2008年,鳳凰(Fungwong)颱風提供了一個現場觀測機會。在颱風經過東海南部之後,海水表面溫度(25-26℃)比颱風經過之前(28-29℃)有明顯地下降。而POC的通量在颱風過後第5天為265±14 mg m-2 d-1, 是沒有颱風時期POC通量(140–180 mg m-2 d-1)的1.7倍。而鳳凰颱風經過後一個月的辛樂克颱風,其POC通量較鳳凰颱風少,但還是有明顯地的增加,此結果顯示颱風經過東海南部會增加生物性碳通量的效率。簡要的說,本研究發現颱風對東海生地化的影響是:我們獲得第一手颱風效應對生地化循環的海洋現場觀測數據,發現2008年8月鳳凰颱風通過東海南部黑潮湧升區海域時,促使湧升作用的強度增加, 有光層內海水溫度也較未有颱風入侵時期降低了約2-3°C,營養鹽的現存量增加了約10倍,浮游植物葉綠素現存量、基礎生產力以及POC的通量亦都增加了2倍之多。顯示颱風的效應會提升海洋生產力與吸收二氧化碳的能力(圖二,Hung et al., 2010, Biogeosciences)。
In past, many researchers used satellite data to understand the effect of typhoon on phytoplankton blooms and it indicate typhoon in ocean water will often induced the growth of phytoplankton blooms, but there are very few observations data on in-situ. Scientists still do not have clear understanding of the role of typhoon effect on biogeochemical cycle. The effect of the biological carbon flux in the euphotic layer also unclear. In 2008, Typhoon Fungwong was provided the in-situ observation opportunity. It indicate the sea surface temperature was decreased significantly (28-29°C to 25-26°C) after passed the typhoon on the southern part of the East China Sea. five days’ after typhoon on the POC flux was 265±14 mg m-2 d-1 , which was 1.7 times higher than the POC flux (140–180 mg m-2 d-1) during absence of typhoon. Variation of POC flux was directly affecting the strength of typhoons. The Xinleke and The Phoenix are the name of two typhoon which were appear within one month of period. The typhoon Xinleke was passed one month after Phoenix typhoon had less POC flux compared to Phoenix typhoon, but it also had significant increase when compared to the normal condition. This result shows that the typhoon passing through the southern part of the East China Sea will increase the efficiency of biological carbon flux. In brief, this study revealed that the effect of typhoon on the geochemical change in the East China Sea.
According to in-situ field observation data, after passed the Phoenix typhoon on southern part of East China sea in August 2008 indicated that, intensity of uplifting effect had increased in the Kuroshio current. The temperature of the seawater in the euphotic layer is also reduced by nearly 2-3°C compared with the period without typhoon invasion. The existing amount of nutrients had increased about 10 times. Furthermore the existing amount of phytoplankton chlorophyll, basic productivity and the flux of POC has also increased by as much as 2 times. It shows that the effect of typhoons will increase the productivity of the ocean and the increase of ability to absorb carbon dioxide ( Hung et al., 2010, Biogeosciences).
In past, many researchers used satellite data to understand the effect of typhoon on phytoplankton blooms and it indicate typhoon in ocean water will often induced the growth of phytoplankton blooms, but there are very few observations data on in-situ. Scientists still do not have clear understanding of the role of typhoon effect on biogeochemical cycle. The effect of the biological carbon flux in the euphotic layer also unclear. In 2008, Typhoon Fungwong was provided the in-situ observation opportunity. It indicate the sea surface temperature was decreased significantly (28-29°C to 25-26°C) after passed the typhoon on the southern part of the East China Sea. five days’ after typhoon on the POC flux was 265±14 mg m-2 d-1 , which was 1.7 times higher than the POC flux (140–180 mg m-2 d-1) during absence of typhoon. Variation of POC flux was directly affecting the strength of typhoons. The Xinleke and The Phoenix are the name of two typhoon which were appear within one month of period. The typhoon Xinleke was passed one month after Phoenix typhoon had less POC flux compared to Phoenix typhoon, but it also had significant increase when compared to the normal condition. This result shows that the typhoon passing through the southern part of the East China Sea will increase the efficiency of biological carbon flux. In brief, this study revealed that the effect of typhoon on the geochemical change in the East China Sea.
According to in-situ field observation data, after passed the Phoenix typhoon on southern part of East China sea in August 2008 indicated that, intensity of uplifting effect had increased in the Kuroshio current. The temperature of the seawater in the euphotic layer is also reduced by nearly 2-3°C compared with the period without typhoon invasion. The existing amount of nutrients had increased about 10 times. Furthermore the existing amount of phytoplankton chlorophyll, basic productivity and the flux of POC has also increased by as much as 2 times. It shows that the effect of typhoons will increase the productivity of the ocean and the increase of ability to absorb carbon dioxide ( Hung et al., 2010, Biogeosciences).
最近研究顯示,許多持久性有機汙染物(即多氯聯苯(PCBs),多環芳香族碳氫化合物(PAHs)和殺蟲劑(pesticides),強烈與含碳物質(包括有機碳(POC)和黑碳(BC)) 結合,而造成持久性有機汙染物和POC與BC之見間的正相關關係。我們假設含碳物質(包括POC和BC)可以作為持久性有機汙染物的汙染指標(其後的持久性有機汙染物濃度也許要求進一步調查)。在我們的研究中,我們測量了臺灣淡水河流域表面沉積物之POC和BC與持久性有機汙染物濃度,結果顯示POC和BC與持久性有機汙染物呈現強烈的正相關,此強烈的正相關分別出現於2006年和2007年之表面沉積物, 顯示含碳物質(包括POC和BC)是評估臺灣淡水河表面沉積物潛在污染之良好指標。這種創新方法提供一個簡單、比較便宜和應急的辦法來監測被持久性有機汙染物汙染的水生沉積物的快速方法因為持久性有機汙染物的分析耗時又昂貴,這些結果已被刊登不同的期刊中(Hung et al., 2006, 2007, 2010)。
Recent studies have shown that many persistent organic pollutants (Eg: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), and pesticides are strongly associated with carbon-containing substances ( Including the combination of organic carbon (POC) and black carbon (BC), which causes persistent organic pollutants and the positive correlation between POC and BC. We assume that carbonaceous substances (including POC and BC) can be used as persistent organic Pollution index to identification of pollutant levels(subsequent persistent organic pollutant concentration may require further investigation). In our study, we measured the concentration of POC and BC and persistent organic pollutant concentration in the surface sediments of the freshwater river basin in Taiwan. It indicated that POC and BC had a strong positive correlation with persistent organic pollutants. This strong positive correlation occurred in surface sediments analysis in 2006 and 2007, showing that carbonaceous substances (including POC and BC) in surface sediments on freshwater river in Taiwan is a good indicator to assess the level of potential carbon pollutions. This innovative method provides a simple, cheap and quick way to monitor contamination of persistent organic pollutants aquatic sediments rather than the used of time-consuming expensive persistent organic pollutants analysis methods. These results have been published in different journals (Figure 3, Hung et al., 2006, 2007, 2010).
Recent studies have shown that many persistent organic pollutants (Eg: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), and pesticides are strongly associated with carbon-containing substances ( Including the combination of organic carbon (POC) and black carbon (BC), which causes persistent organic pollutants and the positive correlation between POC and BC. We assume that carbonaceous substances (including POC and BC) can be used as persistent organic Pollution index to identification of pollutant levels(subsequent persistent organic pollutant concentration may require further investigation). In our study, we measured the concentration of POC and BC and persistent organic pollutant concentration in the surface sediments of the freshwater river basin in Taiwan. It indicated that POC and BC had a strong positive correlation with persistent organic pollutants. This strong positive correlation occurred in surface sediments analysis in 2006 and 2007, showing that carbonaceous substances (including POC and BC) in surface sediments on freshwater river in Taiwan is a good indicator to assess the level of potential carbon pollutions. This innovative method provides a simple, cheap and quick way to monitor contamination of persistent organic pollutants aquatic sediments rather than the used of time-consuming expensive persistent organic pollutants analysis methods. These results have been published in different journals (Figure 3, Hung et al., 2006, 2007, 2010).
海洋裡的颱風-中尺度渦流(mesoscale eddy)在大洋中是普遍且到處存在的物理現象, 其充滿能量的物理特性,能夠傳遞熱量、鹽度及其它的生地化物質。一般而言渦流依其性質可概分為二類-冷渦及暖渦。海洋學家認為,藉由渦流的影響,海洋中的生地化現象在貧營養鹽海域會有明顯的變化,因為透過渦流的作用(以冷渦為例), 富集營養鹽的次表水可以有效地被輸入至有光層中,進而由浮游植物利用後,能夠產生豐度更高、數量更大且多樣性更廣的浮游植物群落,相對地也產生了更多的有機碳(包括顆粒態、溶解態及醣類等),輸入至較深的海水中被儲存。(Hung et al., 2003, 2004, 2010)。
Typhoon-mesoscale eddy in the ocean is a physical phenomenon widespread and exists everywhere in the ocean. Its physical characteristics full with energy to transfer heat, salinity, and other biochemical substances into the surface water. Generally, eddy currents can be roughly divided into two categories according to their heat properties-cold eddy and warm eddy. Oceanographers believe that, due to the influence of eddies, the biogeochemical phenomena in the ocean will have obvious changes in the oligotrophic waters , because through the effect of eddy (in the case of cold eddy), the secondary surface water enriched with nutrients can be effectively mix with the euphotic layer, and then used by phytoplankton, can produce higher abundance of phytoplankton communities with greater quantity and wider diversity. It help to increased more organic carbon (including particulate form, Dissolved form and carbohydrate, etc.) input into deeper seawater and stored. (Hung et al., 2003, 2004, 2010).
Typhoon-mesoscale eddy in the ocean is a physical phenomenon widespread and exists everywhere in the ocean. Its physical characteristics full with energy to transfer heat, salinity, and other biochemical substances into the surface water. Generally, eddy currents can be roughly divided into two categories according to their heat properties-cold eddy and warm eddy. Oceanographers believe that, due to the influence of eddies, the biogeochemical phenomena in the ocean will have obvious changes in the oligotrophic waters , because through the effect of eddy (in the case of cold eddy), the secondary surface water enriched with nutrients can be effectively mix with the euphotic layer, and then used by phytoplankton, can produce higher abundance of phytoplankton communities with greater quantity and wider diversity. It help to increased more organic carbon (including particulate form, Dissolved form and carbohydrate, etc.) input into deeper seawater and stored. (Hung et al., 2003, 2004, 2010).
人為的活動排放了許多二氧化碳到大氣中,有一部分的碳會進到大洋中,使得海水逐漸酸化(Feely et al., 2004)。研究顯示若大氣中二氧化碳持續增加,到了2100 年大氣中的二氧化碳濃度將上升到500ppm,溫度將上升2℃(Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007)。海水酸化加劇以及溫度的上升,可能衝擊大洋中的生物生長,其中珊瑚白化就是一明顯例子。但是海水酸化卻有利於熱帶與副熱帶海洋中的海草生長。近岸地區的三大碳的儲存庫依序為海草(seagrasses)、紅樹林(salt marshes)、鹹水沼澤(salt marshes)(Irving et al., 2011),由此可知海草對碳循環機制扮演重要的角色,由於海草能夠吸收近岸地區過多人為排放的汙染物使得水質較為穩定,並提供近岸地區的魚、蝦與貝類遮蔽所,因此海草床覆蓋的區域其生物多樣性也較高。另外,海草床在表層沉積物下的根莖錯縱盤據,多數學者認為這些被海草固定的”地下碳”是不易被釋放至大氣中的碳,因此也被稱之為藍色的碳(Blue carbon)(Pendleton et al., 2012)。Campbell and Fourqurean (2013)更指出海草能夠生存在較酸的環境,即使pH 值為7.78 依舊能發現成長的趨勢(對比海水pH 8.24)。我們為了瞭解海水酸化對海草的影響及海草的固碳能力,本實驗室嘗試建立一簡易的海草生態系統,將東沙海域的海草(含圓葉水絲草(Cymodocearotundata)、單脈二藥草(Haloduleuninervis)、以及泰來草(Thalassiahemprichii) )種植在人工養殖池中,再以不同酸化條件來觀察海草於養殖池中對酸化的反應及各個碳儲存庫的變化量。
Anthropogenic activities in world are emitting lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and a part of then will enter the ocean, making the seawater gradually acidified (Feely et al., 2004). Hoegh-Guldberg et al.,(2007) mentioned that if the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continually increase, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will rise up-to 500 ppm with the 2°C of temperature increment by 2100. The increased acidification of seawater and the rise of atmospheric temperature may impact to organisms in the ocean, among which coral bleaching is an obvious example. But seawater acidification is beneficial to the growth of seagrass in tropical and subtropical oceans.The three major carbon reservoirs in the coastal area are seagrasses, mangrove forest , and salt marshes (Irving et al., 2011), which shows that seagrass plays an important role in the carbon cycle. The seagrass beds can absorb much higher anthropogenic carbon pollutants discharged from the coastal area, which makes water quality more stable and provide shelter, nursery ground for many marine organisms such as fish, shrimp and shellfish will make high biodiversity coastal marine ecosystem. In addition, the rhizomes of seagrass beds under the surface sediments are staggered. According to most scholars, “underground carbons” fixed by seagrass are not easily released into the atmosphere named as Blue Carbon(Pendleton et al., 2012). Campbell and Fourqurean (2013) also pointed out that seagrass can survive in a more acidic environment, even if the pH value is 7.78, the growth trend can still be found (compared to seawater pH 8.24). In order to understand the impact of seawater acidification and the carbon fixation ability of seagrass, we establish a simple indoor seagrass ecosystem, combining with three type of seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata and single-veined two herbs Halodule uninervis, and Thalassia hemprichii (Figure 5)) are planted in artificial breeding tanks with different acidification conditions to observe the reaction of seagrass in the cultivation tank with the respect of carbon fixation.
Anthropogenic activities in world are emitting lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and a part of then will enter the ocean, making the seawater gradually acidified (Feely et al., 2004). Hoegh-Guldberg et al.,(2007) mentioned that if the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continually increase, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will rise up-to 500 ppm with the 2°C of temperature increment by 2100. The increased acidification of seawater and the rise of atmospheric temperature may impact to organisms in the ocean, among which coral bleaching is an obvious example. But seawater acidification is beneficial to the growth of seagrass in tropical and subtropical oceans.The three major carbon reservoirs in the coastal area are seagrasses, mangrove forest , and salt marshes (Irving et al., 2011), which shows that seagrass plays an important role in the carbon cycle. The seagrass beds can absorb much higher anthropogenic carbon pollutants discharged from the coastal area, which makes water quality more stable and provide shelter, nursery ground for many marine organisms such as fish, shrimp and shellfish will make high biodiversity coastal marine ecosystem. In addition, the rhizomes of seagrass beds under the surface sediments are staggered. According to most scholars, “underground carbons” fixed by seagrass are not easily released into the atmosphere named as Blue Carbon(Pendleton et al., 2012). Campbell and Fourqurean (2013) also pointed out that seagrass can survive in a more acidic environment, even if the pH value is 7.78, the growth trend can still be found (compared to seawater pH 8.24). In order to understand the impact of seawater acidification and the carbon fixation ability of seagrass, we establish a simple indoor seagrass ecosystem, combining with three type of seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata and single-veined two herbs Halodule uninervis, and Thalassia hemprichii (Figure 5)) are planted in artificial breeding tanks with different acidification conditions to observe the reaction of seagrass in the cultivation tank with the respect of carbon fixation.